That is indeed what the halftone process is.
In printing, images are produced with 'dots', strips, concentric circles, or some other screening/filtering effect and not in pixels!
As far as I am aware of, Paint.NET does not have a one click solution for producing this effect, so as in the printing
industry, CMYK halftone layer color separations are overlaid to produce the effect. It is a multi-step process in most software. Here are video links as to how it's done in apps like Photoshop and CorelDraw. CMYK color halftone effect